Showing 91–99 of 149 results
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Professor John Hooker ethics “rational choice
$5.00Professor John Hooker calls ethics “rational choice” for people and business professionals. Use one or more of the following sources on business ethics to familiarize yourself with Hooker’s ethical tests:
- Ethical Decisions. (n.d.). How to analyze. https://ethicaldecisions.net/how-to-analyze-an-ethical-dilemma/
- Hooker, J. (2008). Ethics as a rational choice [PDF]. http://public.tepper.cmu.edu/ethics/rationalchoice.pdf
- (2012). Rational choice part I [Video] | Transcript. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuDLPU85YQY&t=432s
- (2012). Rational choice part II [Video] | Transcript. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHcMnSnH5iA&t=698s
- (2012). Why ethics? [Video] | Transcript. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFIMfcjlRy8
Discussion Instructions
An effective business person and leader is aware of their own values, has a sense of purpose and control, and has an ability toward emotional regulations. Each of these areas has an impact on ethics, a very important topic in business today. Ethics can be a complicated topic, and whether in your personal life or professional life, the right decision is sometimes unclear. Some people worry that good ethics are not always good business. However, Professor John Hooker asserts that ethical behavior is rational behavior and that it makes good business sense.
For this discussion, respond to one of the following questions:
- Discuss the ethical issues inherent to your capstone project. How are you covering ethics in your paper? Does the Hooker model apply to your organization in any way? What have you learned about business ethics by analyzing this situation?
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HRM Literature Review
$15.00Literature Review
Prepare a 3-4 page literature review on current HRM models of service, process, and systems
enhancements as related to your topic of research, organization, and problem or opportunity, and how
you might apply HR leadership practices in your capstone project, an effectiveness improvement plan.
Strong communication skills are imperative for an effective HR leader. The audience may be extremely
broad—ranging from senior managers to employees at all levels. Effective communicators command
attention that can translate into action and implementation. The ability to successfully communicate
organizational mission and policy is vital for successful HR practice.
Often, the effective communicators in HRM are behind the innovations and examples of best practices
in HR. Research on communication has demonstrated the overall outcomes of leaders who
communicate effectively. Communication can be the key to successful organizations. For HR, the
research illustrates that this attribute is a requirement for the new HR leader.
For this assessment, you are to research articles and create a literature review on current HRM models
of service, process, and systems enhancements as related to your selected topic and problem or
opportunity, and how you might apply HR leadership practices in your effectiveness improvement plan.
Note: You are to complete the course assessments in order and use the feedback received to improve
your work. Each assessment is a component that you will build on to complete your capstone project, an
effectiveness improvement plan.
Introduction
Conduct a literature review for your effectiveness improvement plan. Find literature that connects to
the following instructions as it relates to your selected topic, organization, and problem or
opportunity. Note: This is the first component of your capstone project. Each assessment should be
completed in order so that you can use the feedback received to improve your work and build upon to
complete your project.
Instructions
Prepare a 3–4 page literature review, including the following:
• Analyze current HRM models of service, process, and systems enhancements as they relate to
your topic and problem or opportunity.
• Determine the applicability of existing HRM models to your project.
• Analyze the factors that are necessary to develop and implement improvements in your chosen
organization. In other words, think about how the problem could be solved or how to capitalize
on the opportunity selected.
• Analyze leadership, change management, and consultation in the roles of an HR practitioner, as
they relate to your chosen topic.
• Apply foundational disciplines of HRM to be an effective HR practitioner within the organization
selected. This can be done by analyzing specific theories, markets, and reporting practices in
HRM that relate to your topic and identified problem or opportunity.Additional Requirements
The deliverable for this assessment applies professional skills in HRM to workplace situations that you
will likely encounter in your day-to-day work in human resources. As part of your learning, focus on the
development of effective professional communication skills for the workplace. Your assessment should
meet the following additional requirements:
• Length: Your literature review should be 3–4 typed, double-spaced pages, plus the cover and
resources pages.
o The first page should be a cover sheet with your name, the course number, assessment
title, and date. No other information is required on this page.
o The last page should be the reference list.
• Organization: Make sure that your assessment writing is well organized, using headings and
subheadings to organize content for the reader.
• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
• Resources: Use at least 10 references and include both trade publications and peer-reviewed
articles.
• Evidence: Support your assertions with data and/or in-text citations.
• APA formatting: Resources and in-text citations are formatted according to current APA style
and formatting.
• Written communication:
o Synthesize multiple sources into key findings.
o Use spell-check and other tools to ensure correct spelling and gramma -
Global Compensation and Benefits
$25.00Prepare a 12-15 PowerPoint slide presentation on a new policy for compensation and benefits for
CapraTek’s expatriate employees in a selected country.
Introduction
In addition to the many traditional roles of HRM, global HRM requires special considerations when
selecting, developing, and rewarding expatriates. This assessment delves into compensation
management, and what goes into a pay and benefits package for employees and their families on
foreign assignment in either India, Singapore, or Taiwan.
Preparation
For this assessment, consider the following. CapraTek combines almost 30 years of engineering
experience with production that is continually achieving new efficiencies. The company is committed to
living its values through initiatives that focus on the development of human capital, commitment to
being a good corporate neighbor, and support of green technology initiatives. Founded in 1984,
CapraTek has been profitable every year since its inception.
CapraTek has production facilities and research centers in Silicon Valley, South Carolina, New Mexico,
Illinois, and serves as managing partner of a consortium with operations in India, Singapore, and Taiwan.
As the organization has grown, however, the management development has not always reflected best
practices.
The HR department has been newly revamped and expanded to deal with these management issues. A
key issue is the compensation and benefits package for sending employees on long term (3-year)
assignments to overseas locations. While most of the employees hired at each location are from the
host country, 2–3 key management positions at each international location are sent from the United
States.
You are to prepare a PowerPoint slide presentation for senior management on a new policy for
compensation and benefits for CapraTek’s expatriate employees.
Instructions
Choosing one of the international countries CapraTek sends expatriates to for work (India, Singapore, or
Taiwan), include the following in your presentation:
• Recommend an approach for determining the base salary for managerial roles.
• Differentiate between foreign service inducements (hardship premiums) and types of cost-of-
living allowances.
• Propose other types of benefits to include in an expatriate compensation package.
Additional Requirements
The deliverable for this assessment applies professional skills in HRM to workplace situations that you
will likely encounter in your day-to-day work. As part of your learning, we focus on the development of
effective professional communication skills for the workplace.• Length of PowerPoint presentation: 12–15 slides, using a professional template and annotations
using Speaker’s Notes.
• Organization: Make sure that your assessment writing is well-organized, using headings and
subheadings to organize content for the reader.
o Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions.
o Reference Guidelines of Effective PowerPoint Presentations for additional
considerations in putting together your assessment.
• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point.
• Resources: Use at least two scholarly or academic sources.
• Evidence: Support your assertions with data and in-text citations and create a reference list at
the end of your documents.
• APA formatting: Format resources and in-text citations according to APA Style and Format.
• Written communication:
o Write for a specific audience, using the vernacular of the profession.
o Use spell-check and other tools to ensure correct spelling and grammar. Communication
is thoughtful and free of errors that detract from the overall message. Understand the
audience for each component and communicate appropriately.
Competencies Demonstrated
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course
competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
• Competency 1: Apply human resource principles and models in multiple contexts within a global
environment.
o Recommend an approach for determining the base salary for managerial roles.
o Propose other types of benefits to include in an expatriate compensation package.
• Competency 3: Develop an awareness of global cultures and effective practices for working
across cultures.
o Differentiate between foreign service inducements (hardship premiums) and types of
cost-of-living allowances.
• Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is professional and consistent with expectations
for human resource professionals.
o Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions.
Note: Your instructor may use the Writing Feedback Tool when grading this assessment. The Writing
Feedback Tool is designed to provide you with guidance and resources to develop your writing based on -
Workforce Relations
$15.00Write a 3-4 page analysis of a labor relations scenario and the impact of culture on unionization in the
international workforce.
Introduction
Just as cultures are different, so are the labor laws and rules that govern employment processes in
nations throughout the world. It is important to understand this point, so this assessment takes a closer
look at South Korea as an example of global differences in workforce relations and unions to orientate
you on the challenges HRM professionals encounter.
Preparation
For this assessment, consider the following scenario. CapraTek has several global HRM professionals on
an extended assignment to Korea. The workforce in the Korean operation is relatively stable and has
been non-union. Recently, a small group of employees has been moving in the direction of bringing a
union to the operation. This group is looking to join a national trade union. That national union believes
that if they could get into the organization through a small group or bargaining unit, then they could
spread throughout the firm.
In consulting with your U.S. employees in Korea, they shared that they simply did not know what would
happen. In the past, this union had been able to improve the compensation and working conditions of
some occupations, but not all. Also, the organization process had at times become contentious and
disruptive. Soon after the labor ministry approved the pipefitter union group, the union went into two
more departments. They sought to organize the electricians and the assemblers. The assemblers
represent about 80 employees, while the electricians are a small number like the pipefitters.
As union organizing activities began, the assemblers broke into two groups; one was sure that they
wanted to become part of the union, while the other more seasoned portion of the group was not sure.
The electricians did not want to say anything. They were unwilling to discuss activities with anyone in
the firm but each other. This group of employees represented long-term employees who were well-
compensated and often had a business on the side. They made an announcement through a letter to
both the union organizer and the HRM that they had no interest in becoming part of the union. The
assemblers went on for about two weeks and then the movement lost momentum as summer came and
many people went on vacation. The assemblers notified the union and HRM that at this time they were
unwilling to take a vote. During all of these activities you, as the senior HRM professional present,
advised all management personnel on the labor code requirements with respect to organizational
actions during organizing activities. All management personnel behaved professionally. There were no
violations of the labor code in terms of organizing activates by management personnel.
This assessment is not about what you as an HRM professional in a global setting should do when faced
with a situation of this type. It is about what you learned from this small story of labor relations in the
international workplace. We know what happened with the pipefitters. The assemblers seemed to be
fast to respond and slow to act, finally choosing not to act at all. Present your views of what occurred in
this situation with the following points in mind:• In what ways was the union effective or ineffective in its organizing efforts? What are your
reasons for your position?
• What lessons in union activities has CapraTek HR in Korea learned from this experience?
• What lessons has CapraTek corporate learned about dealing with international union organizing
efforts? While union laws differ greatly from country to country, look at the general issues that
might be applied to similar situations.
• What cultural factors might have played a role in this situation? Which factors were the most
significant? How did culture influence this situation’s outcome?
Instructions
Include the following in this assessment:
• Evaluate the impact of culture on labor unionization.
o What cultural differences did you find in your research on Korean culture? What role did
culture play and how did it influence the outcome? What comparisons or differences
can you make to U.S. culture?
• Analyze this scenario to support your position on the effectiveness of the labor union’s
organizing attempt.
o How much of this effectiveness is driven by the national culture?
• Analyze how workforce roles influence the attempt to organize labor unions.
o What comparisons can you make to similar roles in the U.S., or what differences exist?
Additional Requirements
The deliverable for this assessment applies professional skills in HR to workplace situations that you will
likely encounter in your day-to-day work in HRM. As part of your learning, we focus on the development
of effective professional communication skills for the workplace.
• Length: 3–4 typed, double-spaced pages.
• Organization: Make sure that your assessment writing is well-organized, using headings and
subheadings to organize content for the reader.
• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point.
• Resources: Use at least two scholarly or academic sources.
• Evidence: Support your assertions with data and/or in-text citations and create a reference list
at the end of your documents.
• APA formatting: Format resources and in-text citations according to APA Style and Format.
• Written communication:o Convey purpose, in an appropriate tone and style, incorporating supporting evidence
and adhering to organizational, professional, and scholarly writing standards.
o Write for a specific audience, using the vernacular of the profession.
o Use spell-check and other tools to ensure correct spelling and grammar. Communication
is thoughtful and free of errors that detract from the overall message. Understand the
audience for each component and communicate appropriately.
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course
competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
• Competency 1: Apply human resource principles and models in multiple contexts within a global
environment.
o Analyze how workforce roles influence the attempt to organize labor unions.
• Competency 2: Navigate the global legal and regulatory environment and its application to
human resource practice.
o Analyze this scenario to support your position on the effectiveness of the labor union’s
organizing attempt.
• Competency 3: Develop an awareness of global cultures and effective practices for working
across cultures.
o Evaluate the impact of culture on labor unionization.
• Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is professional and consistent with expectations
for human resource professionals.
o Articulate meaning relevant to the main topic, scope, and purpose of the prompt.
o Support main points and conclusions with relevant and credible evidence.
Note: Your instructor may use the Writing Feedback Tool when grading this assessment. The Writing
Feedback Tool is designed to provide you with guidance and resources to develop your writing based on
five core skills. You will find writing feedback in the Scoring Guide for the assessment, once your work
has been evaluated.
The following resources support the assessment, Workforce Relations, which analyzes international
labor relations and the impact of culture on unionization, specifically in South Korea.
Global HRM Interactions
• Dowling, P. J., Festing, M., & Engle, Sr., A. D. (2017). International human resource
management (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.
o Chapter 9: International Industrial Relations and The Global Institutional Context.
The following media pieces provide views of different cultures and communications when working
internationally.
• Children Working in Factories.
o Child laborers often worked long hours under dangerous conditions to help support
their families before reform occurred with the help of labor organizers.
• Global map of World Cultures.
o This map provides a reference point to key cultures and provides insight into some
social nuances for each culture.
• Intercultural Communication.
o These videos show real people talking about their experiences that involve differences
between their culture and another culture they have either lived in or studied in. You
will see there is a wide array of differences across the cultures of the world. -
CEO Compensation in Private Sector Companies in North America
$20.00Compensation Project One
This is an individual research paper of no more than 5 pages double spaced, font size 12. Use either APA or MLA method of citations and references. The five pages does not include the cover page and the references page. You must cite at least five legitimate research sources. One of these sources can be the course text. Another source can be the course notes. DO NOT use the website “Canadian writings”.
This project requires that you research CEO compensation in private sector companies in North America. Private sector means firms whose shares are traded on a stock exchange. They are “for profit” companies.
You must demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of a typical CEO pay mix, the problems that are often associated with CEO compensation and your recommendations for how to address these problems. You must apply at least two psychological or economic theories to your analysis and explain how your recommendations address the problems that you have identified. Appropriate application of citation methodology accounts for 10% of the mark.
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Ethical Issues CapraTek
$10.00Ethical Issues
Use the CapraTek: Ethical Issues simulation and SHRM’s Code of Ethics to complete a 2-3 page report
involving a CapraTek employee and the ethical challenges she and the company face while setting up a
new call center in India.
Introduction
Among the areas of differences that make global business challenging are the customs and traditions
that contribute to the common ethical standards of each nation. Some nations operate within
traditional cultures of relationship-based societies. This practice and others are major challenges for
global HRM. In this assessment, you’ll view the ethical issues faced by CapraTek, an international
technology business, as it expands in India.
Preparation
Complete the CapraTek: Ethical Issues simulation, which involves a CapraTek employee and the
challenges she faces while setting up a new call center in India.
Review the SHRM Code of Ethics as a guideline for your responses to the situation, and consider the
following:
• Where did Rhonda make mistakes of judgment?
• Where did her actions seem clearly inappropriate in terms of accepting assistance?
• Where did CapraTek’s leadership guidance go wrong in this situation?
• What future dangers do Rhonda and CapraTek face in dealing with the local business
community?
Instructions
Prepare a brief report that provides an analysis of the events at CapraTek and include the following:
• Analyze Rhonda’s ethical judgment to support your position on her conduct.
o Include at least two areas of concern where she made mistakes and explain your
rationale.
• Evaluate the impact of Rhonda’s ethical judgment and CapraTek’s policies in the host country.
o Include at least two areas where the employee and company will be challenged in
future business within the community.
Additional Requirements
The deliverable for this assessment applies professional skills in HRM to workplace situations which you
will likely encounter in your day-to-day work. As part of your learning, we focus on the development of
effective professional communication skills for the workplace. -
Cultural Considerations
$15.00Use the CapraTek: Cultural Considerations simulation to write a 1-page email concerning a cultural issue
faced by an American employee on a foreign assignment, and a 2-4 page analysis with
recommendations for leadership addressing CapraTek’s gift policy.
IntroductionEmployees on foreign assignments may deal with cultural beliefs, values, and norms that are different
from those in the United States. Often times, cultural differences can create issues that conflict directly
with the employee’s organizational policy as well as the laws of the land. Human resource (HR)
professionals working for global businesses help create and manage expatriate conduct and compliance
policies.
Preparation
Complete the CapraTek: Cultural Considerations simulation, which involves a sales director who received
an expensive gift and is seeking guidance on what to do. The gift is part of the cultural norm of the host
country, but it may violate CapraTek’s gift policy. You will write an email to the employee, and based on
global cultural considerations, you will make recommendations to leadership regarding CapraTek’s gift
policy.
Instructions
• Analyze how Japanese culture views gift giving.
o How do Japanese and U.S. attitudes toward gift gifting differ?
• Assess CapraTek’s gift policy and cultural implications to make a recommendation.
o In your final draft of the e-mail to Jason Lin, make a recommendation of what to do
about the gift. Please consider there may not be a perfect answer, and you may
recommend a course of action that includes keeping the gift or one that favors returning
it.
o Whatever course of action you recommend, justify your recommendation based on
both the cultural issues and CapraTek’s gift policy. Support your recommendation with
scholarly or academic sources.
• Recommend modifications to CapraTek’s gift policy to avoid cultural conflicts.
o Would a gift acceptance policy need to be specific to all the countries CapraTek resides
in?
Additional Requirements
The deliverables for this assessment apply professional skills in HRM to workplace situations which you
will likely encounter in your day-to-day work. As part of your learning, we focus on the development of
effective professional communication skills for the workplace.
• Length:
o The e-mail should be one page, single-spaced.
o Your analysis and policy recommendations should be 2–4 typed, double-spaced pages,
including the resources page.
o Note: Both assessment components should be submitted as one document.• Organization: Make sure that your assessment writing is well-organized, using headings and
subheadings to organize content for the reader.
• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point.
• Resources: Use at least two scholarly or academic sources.
• Evidence: Support your assertions with data and in-text citations, and create a reference list at
the end of your documents.
• APA formatting: Format resources and in-text citations according to APA Style and Format.
• Written communication:
o Convey purpose, in an appropriate tone and style, incorporating supporting evidence
and adhering to organizational, professional, and scholarly writing standards.
o Write for a specific audience, using the vernacular of the profession.
o Use spell-check and other tools to ensure correct spelling and grammar.
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course
competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
• Competency 1: Apply human resource principles and models in multiple contexts within a global
environment.
o Recommend modifications to CapraTek’s gift policy to avoid cultural conflicts.
• Competency 3: Develop an awareness of global cultures and effective practices for working
across cultures.
o Analyze how the Japanese culture views gift giving.
o Assess CapraTek’s gift policy and cultural implications to make a recommendation.
• Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is professional and consistent with expectations
for human resource professionals.
o Convey purpose, in an appropriate tone and style, incorporating supporting evidence
and adhering to organizational, professional, and scholarly writing standards.
Note: Your instructor may use the Writing Feedback Tool when grading this assessment. The Writing
Feedback Tool is designed to provide you with guidance and resources to develop your writing based on
five core skills. You will find writing feedback in the Scoring Guide for the assessment, once your work
has been evaluated. -
Management Plan Presentation
$15.00of detail on your management plan. This assessment looks at the important topic of summarizing HR’s recommendations and plans for
discrimination policies and presenting these to management for their approval. A key to an effective
visual presentation is to summarize ideas so they are easily grasped by the audience while still capturing
the main and critical points of the presentation. It is common that a similar presentation is also
developed for keeping the employees up to date on these policies. Introduction CapraTek management is now anxious to review your plan for addressing legal issues. One key issue is
clearly communicating this plan to employees. You have been tasked with developing a PowerPoint
directed at upper management that provides an appropriate level of detail on your management plan. Instructions Determine the aspects that leadership is most interested in when deciding on elements of an HRM plan.
Consider how to structure your message in a persuasive and convincing manner. The goal of our plan is
to avoid the tort actions that you have previously analyzed. Address the appropriate audience, using familiar, discipline-specific language and terminology.
Specifically, focus on the following issues:
• Identify weaknesses in current policies that risk legal action.
• Provide a summary of your recommended policies.
• Outline an updated plan that supports legal compliance and productivity.
o Highlight the best practices that an organization can use to encourage equity in the
workplace, (for example, inclusivity, multiculturalism, and ethical practices)
o Describe how your plan promotes an ethical workplace culture that supports legal
compliance and productivity.
• Propose measures of success for your management strategy.
• Assess how your plan will impact organizational mission and business performance. Review the HR Management Plan PowerPoint Scoring Guide as you complete this assessment to ensure
that you have thoroughly addressed all grading criteria. You may find the following Capella Campus pages useful when completing this assessment:
• Capella University Library.
• Creating a PowerPoint presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010.
• APA Style and Format.• Introduction to the Writing Center. Additional Requirements The deliverable for this assessment applies professional skills in Human Resources Management (HRM)
to workplace situations which you will likely encounter in your day-to-day work in HRM. As part of your
learning, we focus on the development of effective, professional communication skills for the
workplace.
• Length: Your PowerPoint presentation should be 10–12 slides and include narration on each
slide that provides further detail explaining the items on each slide.
• Organization: Make sure that your writing is well-organized, using headings and subheadings to
organize content for the reader.
• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 28-point for the slide and 12-point for the notes.
• Resources: Use two scholarly, peer-reviewed, or academic sources.
• Evidence: Support your assertions with data and/or in-text citations and create a reference list
for the last slide.
• APA formatting: Resources and in-text citations are formatted according to current APA style
and formatting.
• Written communication:
o Support recommendation with relevant and credible evidence.
o Write for a specific audience, using the vernacular of the profession.
o Use spell-check and other tools to ensure correct spelling and grammar. Competencies Measured By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following
course competencies and scoring guide criteria:
• Competency 1: Analyze the makeup of a legally compliant workplace on organizational
performance and productivity.
o Summarize the best practices in an HR plan that encourages equity in the workplace.
• Competency 2: Assess the nature of workplace legal action.
o Relate weaknesses and gaps in HR policies and the potential for workplace legal action.
• Competency 4: Formulate action plans to implement management strategies to create a legally
compliant workplace.
o Assess how an HR management plan will impact an organization’s mission and business
performance.
o Propose measures of success for the management strategy.o Outline an updated plan that promotes an ethical workplace culture and supports legal
compliance and productivity.
• Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is professional and consistent with expectations
for HR professionals.
o Address the appropriate audience, using familiar, discipline-specific language and
terminology. Faculty will use the scoring guide to review your deliverable as if they were your immediate supervisor.
Review the scoring guide prior to developing and submitting your assessment. -
Define a Literature Review
$15.00Understanding the literature review is the foundation of academic inquiry (Xiao and Watson, 2017). The literature review grounds your topic of interest with academic historical research from previous authors. This is where the saying of ‘Stand on the shoulders of giants’ comes into your research. Standing on the shoulders of giants could be as far back as Socrates and his philosophies or Newton and his determination of the universe. Every area of study has giants or ‘thinkers’ that have come to be accepted as reliable sources to follow. In this assignment, you will delve into the sea of knowledge to uncover the complexity and understanding of reviewing the literature and developing your knowledge in writing.
The assignment is to conduct your own research first with the resources provided, and then any additional research you add and determine the following:
What is a literature review?
Why is a certain type of literature used?
What must you include in a literature review?
How do you find the information for a literature review?
Use the items above as headings in an APA formatted paper with a title page and reference page, plus a minimum of three pages and maximum five pages of content.Length: 3-5 pages
References: Include a minimum of 5 scholarly resources
Your essay should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect graduate-level writing and APA standard